UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF MEDICINE IN THE YEAR 1843. LONDON: SOT/D BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR, PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON , RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 1843. p.'SAsao EXAMINERS. — ♦ — Elements of Intellectual Philosophy, Logic, and Moral Philosophy. Rev. Henry Alford, M.A. Thomas B. Burch am, Esq., M.A. Surgery. John Bacot, Esq. Sir Stephen Love Hammick, Bart. Medicine. Archibald Billing, M.D. Alexander Tweedie, M.D., F.R.S. Midwifery. Edward Rigby, M.D. PASS EXAMINATION. -♦ MONDAY, November 27- — Morning , 10 to 1. ELEMENTS of INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY, LOGIC, AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY*. Examiners, Rev. H. Alford and Mr. Burciiam. 1. Give an account of the sensualist and idealist philoso- phies. 2. Criticise generally the Essay concerning Human Under- standing ; its method, objects, arrangement, and style. 3. In what sense does Locke use the word c Understand- ing’? What other senses have been given to it ? 4. What are Cousin’s remarks on Locke’s procedure in ex- amining the origin of our ideas ? State your own opinion on the proper order of our inquiries concerning Human Under- standing. 5. Translate the following passage, and accompany it with a brief statement of Cousin’s arguments, of which it is a summary : Locke a ^prouve son systeme sur un certain nombre d’idees particulieres, savoir : l’idee de l’espace, l’id£e de l’infini, l’idde * The following Works have been selected for the Examination in Logic, Moral, and Intellectual Philosophy, for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine in the year 1844: Logic. — Bacon’s Novum Organum, Part I. Philosophy of the Mind.— Cousin’s Analysis of Locke’s Essay (being the 3rd volume of his Cours de Philosophic). Moral Philosophy.— Butler’s Analogy, Part I. Stewart’s Outlines of Moral Philosophy. -{ () DOCTOR OF MEDICINE. 1843. PASS EXAMINATION. du temps, l’idee de l’identite personelle, I’idee de la sub- stance, l’id^e de la cause, l’idee du bien et du mal, s’imposant la loi d’expliquer toutes ces idees par la sensation et par la reflexion. Nous avons suivi Locke sur tous ces points qu’il a lui-meme choisis ; et, sur tous ces points, un examen at- tentif nous a demontre qu’on ne peut expliquer aucune de ces idees par la sensation ou par la reflexion, qu’a la condi- tion de meconnaitre entierement les caracteres r£els dont ces idees sont aujourd’hui marquees dans l’entendement de tous les hommes. 6. Give the substance of Cousin’s remarks on nominalism and realism : and examine critically the assertion of Locke and his school, that the greater part of our disputes are dis- putes about words. 7. In what instances have the followers of Locke per- petuated or advanced his errors ? in what have they corrected them? 8. Give a brief account of the purpose and proposed con- tents of the ‘ Novum Organum.’ What place are you disposed to assign to Bacon in the history of philosophy ? 9. “As the sciences now in being are useless in the dis- covery of works, so is the present logic in the discovery of the sciences.” — Aphor. 1 1 . Of what sciences and what logic is this said, and with what justice ? 10. Enumerate the classes of prejudices or idols described by Bacon, and give instances of them. 11. How do you answer the argument against a future state which is founded on the presumption that death is the de- struction of living beings ? 12. Show that a kind of moral government is implied in God’s natural government. In what sense may the notion of a moral scheme of government be said to be natural ? 13. Distinguish between instinctive and deliberate resent- ment. What is the final cause of the former ? 14. What idea, according to Hume, have we of cause and effect ? What arc the .objections made by him to the a pos- teriori argument for the existence of a Deity ? DOCTOR OF MEDICINE. 1843. PASS EXAMINATION. 7 MONDAY, November 2D— Afternoon, 3 to 6. COMMENTARY ON A CASE IN MEDICINE. CELSUS DE RE MEDICA. Examiners, Dr. Billing and Dr. Tweedik. CASE. A married woman, twenty-five years of age, came under observation on the 8th of June, and gave the following ac- count of her illness. About six months previously she felt pain in the cardiac region and vertigo, followed by loss of power in the left side of the body and loss of speech. On the following day she became insensible and remained so for about a week, but after the adoption of energetic treatment, recovered her consciousness and the power of the left side of the face, but the command over the left upper and lower ex- tremity was much impaired. She was in this state when she applied for advice on the 8th of June, and continued without perceptible change for four weeks, when the pain in the car- diac region increased, accompanied with strong impulse of the heart, and a rough rolling murmur with the first sound. The measures pursued had the effect of diminishing the im- pulse of the heart so much that she unadvisedly went abroad, and exposed herself to cold. When visited a few days afterwards she exhibited the following symptoms : — the breathing was laborious, the lips livid ; there was however so much consciousness that she recognised persons around her, but her articulation was indistinct and her voice feeble ; the pulse became scarcely perceptible, the extremities cold, and she died in the evening. What was the nature of her disease? What treatment would you have suggested ? What appearances would you have expected to find on examination of the body after death ? 8 DOCTOR OF MEDICINE. — 1843. PASS EXAMINATION. CELSUS. Protinus autem inter initia scire facile est, quis acutus morbus, quis longus sit ; non in his solum in quibus semper ita se habet, sed in his quoque in quibus variat. Nam ubi sine intermissionibus accessiones et dolores graves urgent, acutus morbus est : ubi lenti dolores lentaeve febres sunt, et spatia inter accessiones porriguntur, acceduntque ea signa quae in superiore volumine exposita sunt, longum hunc futurum esse manifestum est. Yidendum etiam est, morbus an increscat, an consistat, an minuatur ; quia quaedam remedia increscen- tibus morbis, plura inclinatis conveniunt : eaque quae decres- centibus apta sunt, ubi acutus increscens urget, in rcmissio- nibus potius experienda sunt. Increscit autem morbus, dum graviores dolores accessionesque veniunt, haeque et ante, quam proximae, revertuntur, et postea desinunt. Atque in longis quoque morbis etiam tales notas non habentibus, scire licet, increscere, si somnus incertus est, si deterior concoctio, si foediores dejectiones, si tardior sensus, si pigrior mens, si per- currit corpus frigus aut calor, si id magis pallet. Ea verb quae contraria his sunt, decedentis ejus notae sunt. Praeter haec in acutis morbis serius aeger alendus est, nec nisi jam in- clinatis ; ut primo dempta materia impetum frangat : in lon- gis maturius, ut sustinere spatium affecturi mali possit. Ac si quando id non in toto corpore, sed in parte est, magis ta- men ad rem pertinet vim totius corporis moliri, quam per earn partes aegrae sanentur. Multum etiam interest, ab initio quis recte curatus sit, an perperam ; quia curatio minus his pro- dest, in quibus assidue frustra fuit. Si quis temere habitus, adhuc integris viribus vivit, admota curatione, momento resti- tuitur. Sed quum ab his cceperim, quae notas quasdam fu- turae adversae valetudinis exhibent, curationum quoque prin- cipium ab animadversione ejusdem temporis faciam. Igitur si quid ex his quae proposita sunt, incidit, omnium optima sunt quies et abstinentia ; si quid bibendum, aqua : idque in- terdum uno die fieri satis est ; interdum, si terrentia manent biduo : proximeque abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus, DOCTOR OF MEDICINE. — 1843. PASS EXAMINATION. 9 bibenda aqua, postero die etiam vinum, deinde in vicem alter- nis diebus, modo aqua, modo vinum, donee omnis causa metus finiatur. Per haec enim saepe instans gravis morbus discuti- tur. Plurimique falluntur, dum se primo die protinus subla- turos languorem, aut exercitatione, aut balneo, aut coacta de- jectione, aut vomitu, aut sudationibus, aut vino sperant : non quod non interdum id incidat, aut non decipiat, sed quod saepius fallat, solaque abstinentia sine ullo periculo medeatur : quum praesertim etiam pro modo terroris moderari liceat ; et, si leviora indicia fuerunt, satis sit a vino tantum abstinere, quod subtractum plus quam si cibo quid dematur, adjuvat : si paulo graviora, facile sit non aquam tantum bibere, sed etiam cibo carnem subtrahere : interdum panis quoque minus quam pro consuetudine assumere, humidoque cibo esse con- tentum, et olere potissimum : satisque sit turn ex toto a cibo, a vino, ab omni motu corporis abstinere, quum vehementes notae terruerunt. Neque dubium est quin vixquisquam, qui non dissimulavit, sed per haec mature morbo occurrit, aegrotet. — Celsus, Lib. III. cap. ii. 10 DOCTOR OF MEDICINE. 1843. PASS EXAMINATION. TUESDAY, November 28. MEDICINE. Examiners, Dr. Billing and Dr. Tweedie. Morning, 10 to 1. 1 . Describe the forms of Hypertrophy of the Heart. Give the symptoms, local and general, of each. What are the pa- thological effects of hypertrophy of the left ventricle ? 2. Sketch the diagnostic symptoms and treatment of Inflam- mation of the Duodenum. 3. Detail the symptoms, varieties, and treatment of Iritis. 4. Describe the diagnostic characters and forms of Pur- pura, with the appropriate treatment of each. Afternoon, 3 to 6. 1. When there is complete absence of the respiratory mur- mur over the whole of one side of the thorax, what inferences are to be drawn as to its pathological causes ? 2. Detail the symptoms of Scarlet Fever, including a de- scription of its several forms, and the treatment applicable to each. 3. Mention the sources from which the blood may issue in Hemoptysis. 4. Enumerate the varieties of Colic. Explain the causes, pathology, and appropriate treatment of each. DOCTOR OF MEDICINE. 1843. PASS EXAMINATION. 11 FRIDAY, December 1, at 10 a.m. EXAMINATION ON THE ANSWERS TO THE PRINTED PAPERS, AND ON THE COMMEN- TARIES. By Viva Voce Interrogation. Examiners, Dr. Billing and Dr. Tweedie. EXAMINATION FOR HONOURS. TUESDAY, December 5. SURGERY. Examiners, Mr. Bacot and Sir Stephen Hammick. Morning, 10 to l. How do you know when a caries of the cervical, dorsal, or lumbar vertebrae is threatened ? Give the symptoms and treatment of the different stages respectively by which the disease generally proceeds, when it goes on to its utmost limit, short of death, whether it has arisen from accident or a constitutional cause : give the symptoms, appearances, and management of the various curvatures of the spine, up to a favourable or fatal issue : detail the symptoms, by which you detect the existence of a psoas and a lumbar abscess : point out the diseases with which they are occasionally confounded, from their earliest to their more advanced stages ; giving the various modes of treatment which have been from time to time recommended; saying which you would prefer, with your reasons for such preference ; and where the case termi- nates fatally, either from caries, curvature, or abscess, you will write down the state in which you expect to find the bony and soft parts, by a post-mortem examination. 14 DOCTOR OF MEDICINE. 1843. Afternoon, 3 to 6. If called to a person about the middle age, and apparently hitherto in good health, who has been found lying in the street in a state of total insensibility, how would you detect, whether that unconsciousness has arisen, from a concussion of the brain ; an extravasation of blood within the head, from violence or natural causes ; a fracture of the skull ; apoplexy ; epilepsy ; drunkenness ; or poison? Detail the symptoms of each of the above states respectively, and where you think the applica- tion of the trephine is necessary, you will give the method of performing that operation ; contrasting the practice of the present day, in the treatment of capillary, simple and com- pound fractures of the skull, with that pursued by Mr. Pott, and the best surgeons of his time, with your opinion of the superiority of one over the other. EXAMINATION FOR HONOURS. 15 I WEDNESDAY, December 6. MEDICINE. Examiners, Dr. Billing and Dr. Tweedie. Morning, 10 to 1. 1 . Sketch the characteristic symptoms of Asthma, including a description of its forms and complications. Mention the opinions entertained of its pathology or nature ; and give an outline of the treatment applicable to each variety of the disease. 2. Explain the principles on which the treatment of Dropsy should be conducted. Afternoon, 3 to 6. 1. Describe the various forms of Paralysis, connecting each with its pathological cause ; sketch the indications to be kept in view in the treatment. 2. Give an outline of the treatment of continued fever, in- cluding, 1. the circumstances that require the employment of blood-letting, general or local; 2. those which render it inex- pedient ; 3. the indications for the exhibition of wine and other stimulants, with the rules to be observed in their admini- stration. ir> DOCTOR OF MEDICINE. 1843. THURSDAY, December 7. MIDWIFERY. Examiner, Dr. Rigby. Morning, 10 to l. 1. Describe exactly the manner in which the head presents and passes through the pelvis and external parts during la- bour, in the most usual form of cranial presentation. 2. Describe the different modes of treatment which have been adopted in ovarian Dropsy, and their degree of success. Afternoon, 3 to 6. \ 1. Describe the different varieties of deformed pelvis, and the causes of them. 2. Enumerate the various ways by which the child can render labour difficult or dangerous by its own faulty con- formation. CANDIDATES. The following Candidates passed the Examinations, and have consequently been admitted to the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. First Division. Medical Schools. *Garrod, Alfred Baring University College. +Heaton, John Deakin University College. Smith, Edward Queen’s College, Birmingham. Way, William University College. * A Certificate of Special Proficiency in Medicine was awarded to Dr. Garrod. t A Certificate of Special Proficiency in Medicine and a Gold Medal for a Com- mentary on a Case in Medicine were awarded to Dr. Heaton. EXAMINATION FOR HONOURS. MEDICINE. Garrod, Alfred Baring. . ( Gold Medal). . University College. Heaton, John Deakin University College. B PRINTED BY K AND J. E. TAYLOR. PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY 01 LONDON , RED HON COUKT, FLEET STREET.